Quinoline compounds having antimalarial properties



Patented Dec. 27 1949 T v.

l burr-ea stares car es EQUINQII'INE GQMPOUNDS HAVING 'DI- :WMLIPRGEERTIES shlathan L. Duke; ilnivers' y zeark, and $1 OIN H an fl kn e e ,PQJBQTMIL assignpr s, by'mesne**as$tgnments,-to"the'flinitd States vii Amex-ica as gepresentdi by the S eoretarv of Ll: at 1 :NaDi-aw exapn ca iomliebmmli tutti,

-. ser: 1 No. 6483832 V M mi/ins. (01; 260- 286) The presentinventionrelates to amovelantisymptom, in p articular. constituting; so;;serious maiarial drug th tappearsstofbe' charactetize'fl by ahazard to "life as to' require an'irmnediate cessaf' ue combination of hembtherapeuticiprgp- .tion pf rn maquine adm ns at n- :iSQ elQ' i erties, andto methods of-preparingthe' same. 'foregqin g manit estations of pamaguine :toxicity Within the past decadelonmore pamaquine (I) @Ie observed inafhighpercentageeof patients;reand plasmocide (II) ceiving therecommeridejdidosagerggirnarwhich .r vinclu es.amo nt ,o .t mei aaei gefirou ;t W

:mfllienamsh pama uine pe fiie Fu thermor .ac.horghthe'th taneu fifi etv namaquineie 'p ar -to lra enhanc wh n i qomhine tt t l qui ne tst XicZ P 'i als imrea a ttheisa -NB1$KH1CHMHIQHWNQ=WI ime: flih mos't e iau fobi tiq ttflmmaqain "0H3 theramrhoweven it i ac t hat an an recia '.,p :9n0rtio.n i thaps 549% .d ilnidi i lua a-s pe iall ptho e pfinomfi u as an BS,.TlZQ ilLi13 as little as 3 ;.m l1isramsd i h s "dul er aram velcai lastl tjtle a xt i'cia s'i i .:sQm ;Qae such. .;szrm toms.bfihemolvtic,v anem a a toinece I vsi ate can fimmeidiate messation 11 1 .namaqu ,ne u a therapy and I th prqmpt l nitiat n ,Q'f e eomu ifigfjgfi imeas re t comba lt es ;a v rse-sym tomh Because of thehiahly,te i vharactemfmamahave stimulated considerable interest amon W e re ommended minimalsafeguards'tor malariologists because of their reported ability patients receivlpe this druglnclllde WW9 daily to exert a curative action against vivax malaria Sits by a physlclan and daflyhemggmmn deter minations reported promptly so that pamaquine when administeredconeurrently with a suppressive drug such as quinine. Presumably this therapy may be terminate-i1 e ei an dication of developing anemia be observed.

'murative act-ion' of these drugs results from the ability of the administered drugs, or possibly of m-e h raaai ethe eemx eas the e tsome degradation product thereof, to attack the mentot'human Vivax malaria only m very rare exo-erythrgcytic phases of t disease instances and under the most carefully controlled less of the explanation, however, their efl icacy 9 Furthermore' the unusually hlgh when administered as indicated above to patients susPeptlblllty 0f naucasians (e. g., Negroes. suffering from vivax malaria distinguis nchmeseixew") mommmfleimdicefi31mm from all other antimalarial drugsheretofore re- -35anenflwrefidersithisflmgidfiimmwfiwmmiiy ported in the-literature, includingiboth w m --zwhatsoever forcthe:treatmentmfimalarimmmatwe popu'latlons l-lving iinr thezTromcezone mher e vi of and quinacrine in that they represenktheeonly v previously knOwn drugs t are curative in the courseJthe incidenceraf'rthestiiseasensiespeo atly vivax form of the disease. migh- Despite this unique and highly desirable prop- As=regards-the toxicity of:plasmocfdelrn e e tv of p maqllineaand plasmocide, they have not basis-pf 'swd'iesiiwrats, fl ss a n eys been generally employed by th medical r it**lS-'ObVi0MS"-that plasmoeide isidistinctly/ mam ,esionin the l-treatment :of vivax malaria. The toxic than -pamaq e. 'in the rat-and the deg. reason for the comparative no e of these "there appears -to be no qaalitative difierence in unique drugs:.-.arises at'least in part from their aa'therreactimslto i ocide. In highly toxic character when given at curative e= e yr owe fi fl n e fl tw I Pamaquine dosage levels. Pamaquine toxicity is characterivewea-etions is asmending. Pamaq in n oized by the occurrence of gastro-intestinal sympap p p a w, toms, including .severe abdominal cramps, severe cyamfisi aanemia, ehwp'enia -an 'd 6- inausea,setczysloyvvariouszsymptoms referrable to aof i dve her h nfiupmthe centralynervous system, including headache, duces severe central nervous "SYSEBm derangemuscular pain, etc.; by methemqglobinernia, remeritscharacterized by--nystagmusylossof pupilsuit n in qyan s vssweakn ssaintol rancetr l y f e e s u libr hm i a ility t "eo- 'ercise, etc.;' and most importantly, by hemolytie '-*ord inate rnovements 'of' the'l'rmbs and in some episodes, including hemolytic anemia, the latter *fib-instancesspastic paraiysis. ihese physiologioal experiments on monkeys is also characteristic of the toxicity of this drug in man.

From the foregoin it will. be apparent that although both pamaquine and plasmocide are highly toxic, plasmocide is much themore dangerous of these two drugs. For that reason, in

discussing the toxicities of the new compounds of the present invention, reference will hereinafter be made only to pamaquine as a basis for comparison.

The object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved antimalarial drug.

A more particular object is the provision of a novel drug characterized by high efiectiveness against vivax malaria, coupled with relatively low toxicity to human, subjects compared to the toxic of pamaquine.

Still another object is the provision of an antimalarial drug capable of exerting a curative action against vivax malaria at dosages well tolerated in human subjects.

A further object is to provide a drug having the curative action of pamaquine against human vivax malaria, but characterized by significantly lower toxicity to the human subject.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent as the description progresses.

The foregoing objects were attained as a result of an extended investigation undertaken with the view to widenin the margin between the amount of drug which would exert a curative action comparable to that of pamaquine, and the amount that would produce toxic manifestations in a sizable proportion of individuals receiving the drug. The objectives were ultimately realized by the synthesis of a novel analogue of pamaquine havingthegeneral formula III:

where R and R are alkyl groups and R. is either hydrogen or an alkyl group. The preferred representative of this class is 6-methoxy-8-(5'-isopropylaminopentylamino)quinoline wherein R and R are methyl groups and R is hydrogen. This compound (hereinafter referred to as SN 13,276), either as a free base or in the form of a salt, on the basis of comparative toxicity tests in the monkey, was found to be about one-fourth to one-half toxic as pamaquine. Furthermore, on the basis of comparative tests against P. Zophume in the duck, it appears to be characterized by an antimalaria efiectiveness approximately 1 to 3 times that of pamaquine. On the basis of these data, the therapeutic advantage of this novel antimalarial overpamaquine is therefore of the order of about 4 to 8. These data are in part corroborated by preliminary, but as yet incomplete trials in human subjects, which tentatively indicate (1) That SN 13,276 is about one-half as toxic to man aspamaquine based on methemoglobin formation, symptomatology, and depression of white blood counts;

(2) That it is at least equal to pamaquine in anti-malarial effectiveness in human patients suffering from vivax malaria; and

(3) That, when used in combination with suppressive amounts of a drug such as quinine (which appears to enhance the therapeutic effect of SN 13,276), it exerts a curative action against 10 .vivax malaria at dosages well tolerated by the v patient.

This new compound therefore appears to possess a unique combination of chemotherapeutic properties, namely, curative action against vivax malaria, coupled with a significantly lower toxicity to the human host, relative to pamaquine. In order more clearly to disclose the nature of the present invention, several specific examples illustrating the preparation of typical compounds will hereinafter be described in considerable detail. It should be. understood, however that this is done solely byway of example and isintended neither todelineate the scope of the inventionnor limit the ambit of the appended claims.

EXAMPLE I Bi-(cHmBr NaOCHa Buomnoom NaBr O '5 4o CH: (CH2)a cmowHoiNHoHrom), H10 (0) anew Nmommncetoae, (E S mim.

Nmcmnnnomomh (F==SN 13,276 monophosphate) 7 :Al 1-bromo-5=methomypentane 10f; the rdryingagent by filtration, thesolvent is distilled xfrom the mixture and theresidueis fractionated through asuitab'le column. After a torerun consisting mainly oI'1,5-dimethoxypBnta-ne, the main fraction, 1-bromo-.5-methoxypentane,

bolls at 1246 C'./ 100 mm. The yield is approxinatelyfl h.

B. 1 -amino-S-methoxypentane equimolar mixture; of potassidmphthalinild and" I-bromo-S-methoxypentane" is heated at 150-170 C. for 18 hours with stirring: The

pyl'aminopentane product is extracted with several portions of hot 7 alcohol and filtered from the potassium. bromide. Afterrremoval' of 'thebulk of the alcohol by; dis tlllation, the residue is refluxed for five hours with a large excess of a 1:1 solution of potassium hydroxidein water. The amine liberated is extrao'ted; dried, and distilled. 1-amino-5-methoxypentane'boils at HST-170 C.

hammo-fi methoxypentane can also be prey the method of Shreve and Burtsfield [Ind. Eng. Chem., 33,. 218 (1941)] by the reaction of sodamlde in liquid ammonia on 1-bromo-5- methoxypentane. The yield is'about 40%.

l-aminoefi-methoxypentane can also be prepared by the reaction between 1-bromo-5-methoxypentane and ammonia.

C3 1-isopropylamino-5-methoxypentane" Thisacompound can be prepared by. several methods; I

(it-A mixture of onemole of '1-bromo-5-methoxypentane and 2.2 moles o f isopropylamine is stirred under refiuxuntilreaction is substantially complete. The'mi'xture is'poured into an excess oirdilutelhydrochloric acid .and extracted with a suitable solventftoxremove any unreacted l-bromo-5-methoxypentane. The aqueous solution. .is .thenmade, strongly. alkaline-with -& -;C Onsiderable excess of; 1,50%; potassium-hydroxidelution and extracted with ether. The extract is dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate, and after removal of the drying-agent by filtration, is distilled. Afterremoval'ofthe ether and excess isopropylamine, the l-isopropylaminoJ-methoxypentane is collected. l-isopropylamlno-fimethoxypentane boils at 93? C./2 0.mm. The yield is above (2) 1-isopropylamino-5-methoxypentane can also be' prepared from 1-amino-5-methoxypentane by a method similar to the one described by Cope andjHancock. [J. Amer. Chem; Soc. 64; 1503 (1942)] for the preparation of 2-isopropylamlnoethanol; The yield of l-isopropylamino-S-methoxypentane is approximately based on 1- amino-5-methoxypentame. The substance boils at 93 C./29-mm.g

D. 1-bromo-5-isopropylaminopentane hydrobromide A solution of 1-isopropylamlnoemethoxypentane inga large excess of concentrated-hydrobromic acid; is heated under reflux for about three. hours. Excess water andhydrobromic acid are removed by distillation under reduced pressure andthe last traces'ofliquidare removed by heating at C for anhourunder a pressure of lesslthanl mm. The resulting product .can be useddi'rectly for the preparation ofSN 13,276. Ef: 8-"-'('5 isopropylaminopentylamino)' 6i"- methoazyquinoline (SN13,276)

A solution of: 0.175 1 mole of -'1'-bromoe5-isopro- .hydrobromide and"61- g. (0.35 mole) of '8 amino-fi methoxyquinoline in 300ml. of commercial absolute ethanol is heated reflux ior 60 hours; The mixture is thenpoured into 750 mL-ct water 'and the resulting solution is made: strongly-- alkaline by the addition of" a considerable excess-of "33 %"-sodium hydroxidesolution. The alkalinesolution is extraeted with ether yaifter'removal of the -ether-from the combined; extracts-, the residual oil is distilled. The

fore-run consists: mainly of unreacted 8-amino-6- methoxyquinoliney the 1 product, 8 (5-'-isop'ropyl aminopentylamino) 6 methoxy-quinoline, distils att-167 C.'/2 microns (bath temperature 7049590.). Theyield. is about 50% -based{on fa -bromo 1 isopropylaminopentane hydrobro mld'e;

FL: 8+:(5f-isopmpi/Zaminopentylamiuoefi-methoazy- .quinolinee 'monophosphate: (SN. 13,276" mono phosphate) 7 One-hundred fifteen grams. (1 mole) M18570 phosphoric acid added. as rapidly as possible --to aewellestirred solution of 300 g. (Lmole) of B45- isopropylaminopentylamino) 6 methoxyquinoline;in.13500 -ml; of. refluxinglethanol .(95 A smallvamount of seed addedand the mixture is heatedznnder reflux and stirred: for 15 minutes; The flask is then cooled in an ice bath dior 3:.hours while-stirringis: continued- The: precipitated: drug; is; filtered and: washed with about500e mhof C01d95%13.10h01. The dried product weighsabout1;350 375;g; it ameltszati189- nowHmNHornoHm sooi,

hydrochloride separates. The product dz'hydropyrane '0 The reactions described below represent an aliternate approach to SN 13,276.

HCI

NH(CH;)NHCH(CH3)2.HC1 rimrroi (Hydrochlorlde ol SN 13,276)

A. 5-isopropylamz'no 1 pentanoz hydrochloride A well-stirred mixture of 84 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1 liter of water is cooled about 8.0. During neutralization of the acid the temperature of the mixture is held below ,15' C. by means of an ice bath. Two hundred thirty six grams (4.0 moles) of isopropylamine is then added; the amine is added in portions suchthat the temperature of the mixture does not exceed 20 C.

The resultant mixture is transferred to a hydrogenation bomb, hydrogenation. catalyst is added, and the mixture is hydrogenated at 2000? 3000 p. s. i. and about 25 C. Hydrogenation is substantially complete in about 3 hours whereupon the mixture is removed, filtered from the catalyst, and made strongly alkaline by the. addition of 60 g. of solid sodium hydroxide. The mixture is then boiled until its vapor temperature reaches 100 C. to remove excess isoproylamine; at this point two phases are present. I

The layers are separated and the organic layer is added to about four liters of petroleum ether (90-100"). The resultant mixture is dried by azeotropic distillation and the dry, one-phase solution is filtered to remove inorganic material.

Dry hydrogen chloride is then blown into the solution whereupon 5-isopropylaniino-1-pentanol is filtered :and dried to constant weight at 60 C. f

The yield is about 513 g. (71%) the crude prodnot melts at 92-96 C. Recrystallizationof the crude product yields a substance that melts at 97.7-98.4 C.

B. 5-chZoro-1-isopropylaminopentane hydrochloride Thionyl chloride (1056 g., 8.8 moles) dissolved in 1 l. of petroleum ether (-100) is added slowly to an ice-cold suspension of 1448 g. (8.0 moles) of 5-isopropylamino-l-pentanol hydrochloride in 8 liters of 90100 petroleum ether; the addition requires about two hours. The hydrochloride becomes a thick gummy oil which gradually becomes crystalline during the subsequent heating and cooling.

After the thionyl chloride has been added, the mixture is warmed with continued stirring to 50 C. for 1 hour and is then heated under reflux for 4 hours. The mixture is cooled and the product filtered and dried to constant weight. The yield is 1545 g. (97%); the crude product melts at 112-120" C. Recrystallization yields a substance that melts at -l23 C.

C. 8- (5 '-isopropylaminopentylamino) G-methoxyquinoline This substance is prepared by substantially the same method as that described in Example 111 part C.

After the hydrochloride of 8-amino-6-meth- 'oxyquinoline is removed by filtration, the confbined filtrate and washings are made basic to EXAlVlPLE In The preparation of 8-(5'-tert.-butylaminopehtylamino) -6-metho:cyquinoline (SN 13,473)

The reactions described below for the preparation of SN 13,473 may be represented bythe following scheme:

E20 HCl H0 (CHmNHC canine! 90-100 H0(CH;)NHC(CH;)3.HCI.SOC1 g petroleum ether 9' A. 1-tcrt.-butylamino-S-pentanol hydrochloride "Seventy-fivegrams (0.9 mole) of Zdihydropyrane is added rapidly toa well-stirred solution of 19 ml. of concentrated 'hydroc'hloricacid in 200 ml. of water'cooledto 10. The temperature of the mixture rises rapidly. for a;v few minutes and then begins to fall. "When the temperature 'of the pressure desired, in the presence of a noble or.

base metal catalyst. The" use .of Adams catalyst" and a pressure of about '100 atmospheres bring a iiia ie'r' about completion of the hydrogenation in a few hours. After removal of the catalyst by filtration, the mixture is made strongly alkaline by the addition of an excess of 33% sodium hydroxide solution and the excess of tert.-butyl amine is removed by distillation until the temperature of the distilling vapor reaches about 100 C. The mixture is cooled and the layers separated. The separated organic layer is mixed with about one liter of 90-100 petroleum ether and the resulting two phase system is dried by azeotropic distillation, whereupon the second phase disappears.

The dry petroleum ether solution of the aminoalcohol is treated with dry hydrogen chloride; the precipitate of 1-tert.-butylamino-5-pentanol hydrochloride is filtered and dried. The crude product melts at 123-143 C.; the yield is about 60%. Recrystallization from a mixture of absolute ethanol, acetone, and ether yields a product which melts at 153-1535" C.

B. 1-tert.-butylamino-5-chloropentane hydrochloride The crude hydrochloride described in A above is treated with excess thionyl chloride in 90-100 petroleum ether (1 mole hydrochloride: 1.5 mole thionyl chloride: 1250 ml. petroleum ether). The thionyl chloride is added slowly to a suspension of the hydrochloride in petroleum ether while the mixture is cooled in an ice bath. The cooling bath is then removed and the mixture is heated under reflux for several hours.

The product separates, first as an oil and later as at tacky solid which becomes only slightly tacky by the end of the heating period. The mixture is cooled and the product filtered. Recrystallization yields a product which melts at 125-127 C.; the crude product can be used directly in the preparation of SN 13,473.

C. 8-(5'-tert.-butylaminopentylamino) -6- methoryquinoline (SN 13,473)

hydrochloric acid. The flaskis rinsed with an additional 100 ml. of hot water and the rinsings are added to the main portion. The acid soldr 10 tion is cooled to 15 C. whereupon the hydrochloride of 8-amino-6-methoxyquinoline crystallizes; this hydrochloride is. filtered. and washed with 300 ml. of cold water.

The washings are combinedwith the original filtrate and sodium acetate is'added to bring the pH to about 5.0. Thehydrochloride of SN 13,473 separates as agrey precipitate contaminated with some 8-amino-'6-methoxyquinoline. Recrystallization yields a product which melts at 169-170 C.

Relation to other pamaquine analogues Iti'is. of course well known that a verylarge numberof synthetic 8.a-mi',noquino1inederivativeshave heretofore been -tested as antimalarials,

most of these being variations of the pamaquine molecule. .So .ianas is known, however, prior to the present inventiomnone of these analogues or homologues was found to possess the curative action against vivax malaria that uniquely characterizes pamaquine and plasmocide. Furthermore, although several 8-(mono-alkylaminoalkyleneamino quinolines have heretofore been suggested, those of the type IV,

where R and 1'1. and alkyls and R is either hydrogen or alkyl, were apparently neither considered, prepared not investigated as antimalarials, so far as we have been able to determine. This general type IV therefore appears to represent a novel class of antimalarial drugs.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many variations in the foregoing illustrative examples may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus the isopropyl group in the basic side chain of SN 13,276 may be replaced by other groups of the type where R and 1?. represent alkyl groups, either the same or different, as is the case in the corresponding isobutyl and iso-amyl homologues of SN 13,276, and similar branches chain secondary amine types. Likewise, if desired, the tertiary butyl group of SN 13,473 could be replaced by other tertiary alkyl groups of the type T of compounds from the group in which the (CH2)5 groups are in a straight chain, and where R and R are alkyl groups and R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl groups, and their salts.

2. A new compound characterized by pronounced antimalarial activity, comprising a salt of 8 (5' isopropylaminopentylamino) -6-methoxyqulnoline.

3. A new compound characterized by pro nounced antimalarial activity comprising 8-(5- 20 12 isopropylaminopentylamino 6 methoxyquinoline.

4. 8 (5' tert. butylaminopentylamino)-6- methoxyquinoline.

NATHAN L. DRAKE. JOHN O'NEILL VAN HOOK.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of. record inthe file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS v Date Number Name 1,692,900 Liebrecht Nov. 2'7, 1928 1,747,532 Schulemann Feb. 18, 1930 OTHER REFERENCES Williams, Chemotherapy of Malaria" (published by Lederle Laboratories, Inc., New York;-

1941) pages 82 and 117-120. 

